Digital Polyclinic: Why?
Our organization works in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, one of the poorest states in India. The area is predominantly rural and has for centuries been plagued by abject poverty. High birth rates (5-8 children per household) and high infant mortality rates are the norm. There's a severe lack of basic knowledge of maternal health. For example, one of the local traditions is to smear cow dung on a recently cut umbilical cord; another example is the custom of reserving the job of cutting the umbilical cord exclusively to low-caste helpers, and when such helpers need to be fetched from afar, the umbilical cord remains attached for as long as 24 to 48 hours, worsening infection rates. Many of these customs and misconceptions are not widely known or practiced elsewhere so one-size-fits-all "expert" pamphlets or radio broadcasts rarely adequately address such misconceptions or concerns.
The problem of lack of such basic awareness and knowledge is badly compounded by the lack of access to basic care. A clinic or hospital is often far away; transportation is difficult to arrange; villagers are concerned about being charged a high fee that they can't afford if they seek care; a conservative culture dictates that most do not feel comfortable with the idea of a woman traveling alone (to seek care) without the company of a husband or father, who are needed in the fields or at other work places (like a brick factory). Due to the difficulty of seeking care, people tend to seek advice from local quacks, who typically end up doing more harm than good. Better access to maternal health information would have helped in debunking myths and promoting better practices.
Traditionally, there are several approaches of addressing maternal health information. Because the qualified doctors, nurses, and organizations who truly understand the local problems are few, the concerned geographical area is large, and the infrastructure (such as roads) is poor, the commonly adopted model is a so-called "cascaded training" model, where the experts train the trainers, the trainers train the next-level trainers, and so on. There is often a loss of fidelity of messaging and knowledge details.
Another theme of approaches that has been tried is to use some form of
technology: kiosks equipped with computers, or smart-phone-based
solutions, to name just two. The practicality of such solutions is
limited due to the cost, usability, and infrastructural issues (such
as lack of electricity to power a kiosk or the lack of data network
coverage--while voice coverage is pervasive, data coverage isn't).
The low literacy rates of the community that we serve further
compounds the difficulty of these technology-based solutions. Our
experience is that even an SMS-based solution is difficult to make
work in this environment.